Holdings            Scientific papers

The Eclipse Problem Reframed: Light Bending as Time Deformation in Rigid Space

Author

Rafael Muñoz Martínez
ORCID: 0009-0001-9280-5708

10.5281/zenodo.17137147
Munoz Industries R&D – Time Engineering

Abstract
The deflection of starlight observed during solar eclipses has long served as a critical test of General Relativity (GR). In the conventional framework, the effect arises from the joint contribution of temporal and spatial curvature, with the constants G and c entering explicitly at every stage of the calculation. In this work, we rederive the eclipse bending angle within the framework of Quantum Loop Chrono Dynamics (QLCD), where space is taken as non-deformable and all deformation is temporal. Working entirely in Planck units, the QLCD derivation eliminates dimensional constants: the bending angle follows from the stress–time deformation field alone, with G and c reappearing only when restoring to SI units for observational comparison. Despite the distinct ontology—curved spacetime in GR versus stress-driven time dilation in QLCD—both approaches yield the same numerical prediction of approximately 1.75 arcseconds for a grazing solar ray. This convergence underscores the empirical adequacy of QLCD while highlighting its structural simplicity and independence from calibration constants. The eclipse problem thus provides a clear case study of how QLCD reframes gravitational phenomena, not as spatial curvature but as a manifestation of temporal deformation alone.

The Kernel–Halo Law: A Finite-Stress Principle for Hadronic Stability and Structure

Author

Rafael Muñoz Martínez
ORCID: 0009-0001-9280-5708

10.5281/zenodo.17118143

Abstract

Hadrons are strongly bound systems whose internal structure continues to challenge precise modeling. The proton’s exceptional stability [1–3,10,11], the proton radius puzzle [1–3,11], and the hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment [4–6,12] all point to gaps in our understanding. We propose a unifying phenomenological principle — the kernel–halo law — in which confined energy saturates at a finite stress density and is accompanied by a halo whose effective radius scales with energy as R∝E−1/3. This scaling follows from dimensional consistency: energy density scales as E/R3, and enforcing finite stress saturation requires R∝E−1/3. This finite-stress rule guarantees proton stability, since the proton kernel matches the saturation point, while other hadrons exist as short-lived excitations. The scaling law also provides a natural explanation for the observed shrinkage of hadronic form factors with momentum transfer [7–9], and yields small corrections to hadronic vacuum polarization integrals. The correction is of order δaμ∼10−10, aligning with the discrepancy between theory and experiment in the muon g−2 [4–6,12]. The kernel–halo law thus resolves multiple anomalies without introducing new particles, offering a testable, structural principle of hadronic matter.

Stephen Hawking’s classical area theorem states that the total event-horizon area of black holes cannot decrease in any physically reasonable process. Recent gravitational-wave observations of binary black-hole mergers have confirmed this prediction with increasing precision. In this work we analyze the area theorem from the perspective of Quantum Loop Chrono Dynamics (QLCD), a framework in which space remains rigid and only the proper-time field  τ̃ deforms under stress. In QLCD the horizon is identified with the outermost time-freeze isosurface { τ̃=0}, and the non-decrease of its area is derived from a Lyapunov descent principle applied to the τ-field evolution, together with positivity and causality properties of the UV-safe regulator and convexity of the stability potential. This provides a constructive PDE-level proof of horizon monotonicity that does not rely on geometric averaged energy conditions. We further establish generalized sufficient conditions ensuring dA/dt≥0 even in non-vacuum mergers with strong electromagnetic, nuclear, or inertial stresses, thereby extending the theorem’s scope. The analysis shows that QLCD reproduces Hawking’s classical result, cleanly separates classical from quantum regimes (area non-decrease vs. evaporation), and narrows admissible families of stability potentials and nonlocal regulators. These results reinforce the predictive power of QLCD while offering new handles for observational tests in multi-messenger astrophysics.